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okowa's Blog
Rich Fisheries Poor fisherfolk.
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Introduction
Looking keenly on the situation in the Lake Victoria basin, the lifestyles, Education, infrastructure and health of the local people and the fact that these very people are directly involved in the generation of billions of shillings the fishing industry is known for, several disturbing questions arise from this situation; who receives the riches from the fish? Is it, the people who are involved in the fishing itself or is it people from outside? Does the revenue generated from the fishing trade benefit the areas that it comes from? Who are the main players in the fishing trade? Are they locals or outsiders? What are the measures that can be taken to reverse the situation?
Background of the issues in Lake Victoria Basin
Lake Victoria is the second largest fresh water lake in the world. With its 69,000 km, the lake has the same size as Ireland. The lake is shared between three countries Tanzania (which possesses 49% of the area of the lake, Uganda (45%) and Kenya (6%).
The total fish catch from Lake Victoria during the 1960's and 1970's was quite stable; about 100,000 tons of fish was caught annually. Until the mid 1970's the fisheries of Lake Victoria was exploited solely by small scale fishermen. During the early 1970's it was estimated that some 50,000 fishermen operated from some 12,000 fishing vessels (Butcher and Colaris, 1973). The fishermen had a varying degree of involvement in the fisheries; some fished only on a part-time or seasonal basis while others were full-time fishermen. Some 80% of the fishermen derived their primary income from fishing. Most of the fishermen were engaged in complementary agricultural activities. The tendency during the 1960's and 1970's was, however, that due to increased scarcity of land and lack of employment opportunities, a larger number of the men left the originally subsistence/part-time mode of exploitation and became full-time fishermen.
The fishing activity has since blossomed into a main player in the countries economy. The industry contributed 0.2% of the annual GDP between 1971- 1981 while in 1990 the contribution rose to 2% and 4.4% of the non-monetary and monetary GDP. In 1995 fish export earned Kenya Ksh.15 billion in foreign currency while in the same period fishermen earned a total of Ksh. 5.2 billion from fishing, less than 30% of the value of the retail trade. In 2007, the fishing industry earned the country Kshs. 6.2 billion in revenue from approximately 165,000 metric tons of fish.
World bank (1972) defined poverty as hunger, lack of shelter, being sick and not being able to see a doctor, not able to go to school, not able to read, not having a job, fear for the future, loosing a child brought by unclean water, powerlessness, lack of presentation and living one day at a time. With this definition , we are within relevance in discussing the issue around the lake since the highest levels of malnutrition in Kenya are now found within fishing communities because fisher folk consume very little of what they harvest and yet they have no access of supplementary sources of protein. The high poverty levels that exist among the fishing communities contribute to high fish pressure even with rising real prices. All these discrepancies in terms of the relation between the abundance in resource and the poverty levels of the fisher people is a sure proof that there is a situation within the lake Victoria basin which needs the serious attention of researchers and by extension development experts.
Although there in principle has been an open access to fish in the lake, the local fishing communities around the lake have all through the centuries developed rules which regulate the fisheries (Ogutu: 1992). These rules stipulate who may fish, in what season, in what area, what types of fishing gear which are acceptable and what type/size of fish which can be caught. When such rules were in force, the situation was different. The fishing was valuable to the local people and their poverty levels were not as high as it is today.
Conclusions
Fishing has been an important source of livelihood for many Kenyans for many years. It is also an important source of animal protein, especially for most people living around the lake. In theory fishers of Lake Victoria are regarded as the poorest group of people in all sectors of the economy. Looking at the way they live, the way they look, assets they own, saving habits and their family sizes one wonders. The standard of living of majority of fishers around Lake Victoria is very low. Shelter and food are the most important basic needs of mankind but looking at the landing beaches around the Lake, fishers live in poor housing structures with inadequate social amenities and inadequate food supply.
Results from past studies indicate that 89.4% of fishers around the Lake Victoria (Kenya) have no other sources of income except fishing. Fishers around Lake Victoria earned income from the fishery an average income of Ksh. 107,063 per fisher per year. This is evidence that fishers get good earnings from the fishery but they are not able to mobilize their earnings properly (Abila: 2003).
It is crucial that answers be found to explain why with what is considered good earnings, the fisher people are still classified as poor. A research that is tailor-made to distinguish between the Socio-economic and cultural systems and practices among the fisher communities and how they relate to their livelihood plans and priorities may be what is necessary to bridge the gaps between the available research findings, development interventions and the situation as it is on the ground.
Mark Okowa
Fisherfolk riche de pauvres de pêche.
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
L'introduction
regardant profondément sur la situation dans le bassin de Victoria de lac, les styles de vie, l'éducation, l'infrastructure et la santé des personnes locales et du fait que ces personnes mêmes sont directement impliquées dans la génération des milliards de shillings l'industrie de la pêche est connue pour, plusieurs questions inquiétantes résultent de cette situation ; qui reçoit la richesse des poissons ? Est-il, le peuple qui sont impliqués dans la pêche elle-même ou est ce les gens de l'extérieur ? Le revenu produit du commerce de pêche bénéficie-t-il les secteurs dont il vient ? Qui sont les joueurs principaux dans le commerce de pêche ? Sont-ils des gens du pays ou des étrangers ? Quelle est les mesures que peut être pris à l'inverse la situation ?
Le fond des questions dans le lac Victoria basin
de Victoria de lac est le deuxième plus grand lac d'eau doux dans le monde. Avec ses 69.000 kilomètres, le lac a la même taille que l'Irlande. Le lac est partagé entre trois pays Tanzanie (qui possède 49% de la région du lac, de l'Ouganda (45%) et du Kenya (6%).
Les poissons totaux attrapent du lac Victoria pendant les années 60 et les années 70 étaient tout à fait stables ; environ 100.000 tonnes de poissons ont été pêchées annuellement. Jusqu'au milieu des années 70 la pêche du lac Victoria a été exploitée seulement par des pêcheurs à échelle réduite. Pendant le début des années 70 on l'a estimé qu'environ 50.000 pêcheurs ont opéré à partir d'environ 12.000 bateaux de pêche (Butcher et Colaris, 1973). Les pêcheurs ont eu un degré variable de participation dans la pêche ; certains ont pêché seulement sur une base à temps partiel ou saisonnière tandis que d'autres étaient les pêcheurs à temps plein. Environ 80% des pêcheurs a dérivé leur revenu primaire de la pêche. La plupart des pêcheurs ont été engagées dans des activités agricoles complémentaires. La tendance pendant les années 60 et les années 70 était, cependant, celle due à la plus grande pénurie de la terre et au manque d'offres d'emploi, un plus grand nombre des hommes à gauche à l'origine la subsistance/à temps partiel le mode de l'exploitation et est allée bien aux pêcheurs à temps plein.
L'activité de pêche s'est depuis développée dans un joueur principal dans l'économie de pays. L'industrie a contribué 0.2% du PIB annuel entre 1971 - 1981 tandis qu'en 1990 que la contribution s'est levé à 2% et à 4.4% du PIB non-monétaire et monétaire. Dans 1995 poissons l'exportation a gagné le Kenya Ksh.15 milliard dans la devise étrangère tandis que dans la même période les pêcheurs gagnaient un total de Ksh. 5.2 milliards de la pêche, moins de 30% de la valeur du commerce de détail de détail. En 2007, l'industrie de la pêche a gagné le pays Kshs. 6.2 milliards dans le revenu d'approximativement 165.000 tonnes métriques de poissons.
La banque mondiale (1972) a défini la pauvreté comme faim, manque d'abri, étant en difficulté et ne pouvant pas voir un docteur, non capable aller à l'école, non capable lire, n'ayant pas un travail, crainte à l'avenir, desserrant un enfant apporté par l'eau malpropre, l'impuissance, le manque de présentation et la vie un jour à la fois. Avec cette définition, nous sommes dans la pertinence en discutant la question autour du lac puisque les niveaux les plus élevés de la malnutrition au Kenya sont maintenant trouvés au sein des communautés de pêche parce que les gens de pêcheur consomment très peu de ce qu'ils moissonnent mais ils n'ont aucun accès des protéines supplémentaires. Les seuils de pauvreté élevés qui existent parmi les communautés de pêche contribuent à la pression élevée de poissons même avec des prix en données constantes de montée. Toutes ces anomalies en termes de relation entre l'abondance dans la ressource et les seuils de pauvreté des personnes de pêcheur est une preuve sûre qu'il y a une situation dans le bassin de Victoria de lac qui a besoin de l'attention sérieuse des chercheurs et par des experts en matière de développement de prolongation.
Bien qu'il en principe y a eu un accès ouvert aux poissons dans le lac, les communautés locales de pêche autour du lac ont tous par les règles développées par siècles qui règlent la pêche (Ogutu : 1992). Ces règles stipulent qui peut pêcher, dans quelle saison, dans quel secteur, quels types d'attirails de pêche qui sont acceptables et les quels type/taille de poissons qui peuvent être pêchés. Quand de telles règles étaient en vigueur, la situation était différente. La pêche était valeur aux personnes locales et leurs seuils de pauvreté n'étaient pas aussi hauts que c'est aujourd'hui.
Pêcher
de conclusions a été une source importante de vie pour beaucoup de Kenyans pendant beaucoup d'années. C'est également une source importante de la protéine animale, particulièrement pour la plupart des personnes vivant autour du lac. Dans la théorie des pêcheurs du lac Victoria sont considérés comme le plus pauvre groupe de personnes dans tous les secteurs de l'économie. Regardant la manière ils vivent, la manière qu'ils regardent, capitaux ils possèdent, sauvant des habitudes et leurs tailles une de famille se demande. Le niveau la vie de la majorité de pêcheurs autour de lac Victoria est très bas. L'abri et la nourriture sont les besoins de base les plus importants de l'humanité mais regardant les plages d'atterrissage autour du lac, les pêcheurs vivent en structures de logement pauvre avec les agréments sociaux insatisfaisants et les approvisionnements alimentaires insatisfaisants.
Les résultats des études passées indiquent que 89.4% de pêcheurs autour du lac Victoria (Kenya) n'ont aucune autre source de revenu excepté la pêche. Fisher autour de lac Victoria ont gagné à revenu de la pêche un revenu moyen de Ksh. 107.063 par pêcheur par an. C'est évidence que les pêcheurs obtiennent de bons revenus de la pêche mais ils ne peuvent pas mobiliser leurs revenus correctement (Abila : 2003).
Il est crucial que des réponses s'avèrent pour expliquer pourquoi avec ce qu'est considéré de bons revenus, les personnes de pêcheur sont encore classifiées en tant que pauvres. Une recherche qui est sur mesure pour distinguer les systèmes et les pratiques socio-économiques et culturels parmi les communautés de pêcheur et comment ils se relient à leurs plans et priorités de vie peut être ce qui est nécessaire pour établir les liens entre les résultats disponibles de recherches, les interventions de développement et la situation car il est sur la terre.
Marquez Okowa
Fisherfolk rico de los pobres de las industrias pesqueras.
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
La introducción
que mira afilado en la situación en el lavabo de Victoria de lago, las formas de vida, la educación, la infraestructura y la salud de la gente local y del hecho de que esta misma gente está implicada directamente en la generación de mil millones de shillings la industria de pesca se sabe para, varias preguntas que disturban se presenta de esta situación; ¿quién recibe las riquezas de los pescados? ¿Es, la gente que está implicada en la pesca sí mismo o es gente del exterior? ¿El rédito generado del comercio de la pesca beneficia las áreas de las cuales viene? ¿Quiénes son los jugadores principales en el comercio de la pesca? ¿Son locals o forasteros? ¿Cuáles son las medidas que se puede tomar al revés la situación?
El fondo de las ediciones en el lago Victoria basin
de Victoria de lago es el segundo lago más grande del agua dulce del mundo. Con sus 69.000 kilómetros, el lago tiene el mismo tamaño que Irlanda. El lago se comparte entre tres países Tanzania (que posee el 49% del área del lago, de Uganda (el 45%) y de Kenia (el 6%).
Los pescados totales cogen del lago Victoria durante los años 60 y los años 70 eran absolutamente estables; cerca de 100.000 toneladas de pescados fueron cogidas anualmente. Hasta los mediados de los años setenta las industrias pesqueras del lago Victoria fueron explotadas solamente por los pescadores de la escala pequeña. Durante los años 70 tempranos era estimado que unos 50.000 pescadores funcionaron desde unos 12.000 buques de pesca (Butcher y Colaris, 1973). Los pescadores tenían un grado que variaba de la implicación en las industrias pesqueras; algunos pescaron solamente sobre una base por horas o estacional mientras que otros eran pescadores a tiempo completo. Algún 80% de los pescadores derivaron su renta primaria de la pesca. La mayor parte de contrataron a los pescadores a actividades agrícolas complementarias. La tendencia durante los años 60 y los años 70 era, sin embargo, ésa debido a la escasez creciente de la tierra y a la carencia de las posibilidades de empleo, un número más grande de los hombres a la izquierda originalmente la subsistencia/por horas el modo de la explotación y sintió bien a pescadores a tiempo completo.
La actividad de la pesca ha florecido desde entonces en un jugador principal en la economía de los países. La industria contribuyó 0.2% del GDP anual entre 1971 - 1981 mientras que en 1990 que la contribución se levantó hasta el 2% y 4.4% del GDP no-monetario y monetario. En 1995 pescados la exportación ganó Kenia Ksh.15 mil millones en moneda extranjera mientras que en el mismo período los pescadores ganaron un total de Ksh. 5.2 mil millones de la pesca, menos el de 30% del valor del comercio al por menor. En 2007, la industria de pesca ganó el país Kshs. 6.2 mil millones en rédito de aproximadamente 165.000 toneladas métricas de pescados.
El banco mundial (1972) definió pobreza como hambre, carencia del abrigo, siendo enfermo y no pudiendo ver a un doctor, no capaz de ir a la escuela, no capaz de leer, no teniendo un trabajo, miedo para el futuro, soltando un niño traído por el agua sucia, powerlessness, la carencia de la presentación y la vida un día a la vez. Con esta definición, estamos dentro de importancia en discutir la edición alrededor del lago puesto que los niveles más altos de la desnutrición en Kenia ahora se encuentran dentro de comunidades de la pesca porque la gente del pescador consume muy poco de lo que ella cosecha pero ella no tiene ningún acceso de fuentes de la proteína suplementarias. Los altos niveles de pobreza que existen entre las comunidades de la pesca contribuyen a la alta presión de los pescados incluso con precios verdaderos de levantamiento. Todas estas discrepancias en términos de relación entre la abundancia en recurso y los niveles de pobreza de la gente del pescador son una prueba segura que hay una situación dentro del lavabo de Victoria de lago que necesita la atención seria de investigadores y por los expertos del desarrollo de extensión.
Aunque en principio ha habido un acceso abierto a los pescados en el lago, las comunidades locales de la pesca alrededor del lago tiene todos con las reglas desarrolladas los siglos que regulan las industrias pesqueras (Ogutu: 1992). Estas reglas estipulan quién puede pescar, en qué estación, en qué área, qué tipos de engranaje de pesca que son aceptables y qué tipo/tamaño de los pescados que pueden ser cogidos. Cuando tales reglas estaban en vigor, la situación era diferente. La pesca tenía valor a la gente local y sus niveles de pobreza no eran tan altos como es hoy.
La pesca
de las conclusiones ha sido una fuente importante del sustento para muchos Kenyans por muchos años. Es también una fuente importante de la proteína animal, especialmente para la mayoría de la gente que vive alrededor del lago. En teoría miran a los pescadores del lago Victoria como el grupo de gente más pobre en todos los sectores de la economía. Mirando la manera viven, la manera que miran, activos poseen, ahorrando hábitos y sus tamaños uno de la familia se preguntan. El estándar la vida de la mayoría de pescadores alrededor del lago Victoria es muy bajo. El abrigo y el alimento son las necesidades básicas más importantes de la humanidad pero mirando las playas del aterrizaje alrededor del lago, los pescadores viven en estructuras de la cubierta pobre con las amenidades sociales inadecuadas y el suministro de alimentos inadecuado.
Los resultados de últimos estudios indican que 89.4% de pescadores alrededor del lago Victoria (Kenia) no tienen ninguna otra fuente de la renta excepto la pesca. Los pescadores alrededor del lago Victoria ganaron a renta de la industria pesquera ingresos medios de Ksh. 107.063 por pescador por año. Ésta es evidencia que los pescadores consiguen buenas ganancias de la industria pesquera pero no puedan movilizar sus ganancias correctamente (Abila: 2003).
Es crucial que las respuestas estén encontradas para explicar porqué con lo que se considera las buenas ganancias, todavía clasifican a la gente del pescador como pobres. Una investigación que es específica distinguir entre los sistemas y las prácticas socioeconómicos y culturales entre las comunidades del pescador y cómo se relacionan con sus planes y prioridades del sustento puede ser cuál es necesario tender un puente sobre los boquetes entre los resultados disponibles de la investigación, las intervenciones del desarrollo y la situación pues está en la tierra.
Marque Okowa
Fisherfolk ricco dei poveri delle industrie della pesca.
Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo
L'introduzione
che osserva acutamente sulla situazione nel bacino della Victoria di lago, nei lifestyles, nella formazione, nell'infrastruttura e nella salute della gente locale e del fatto che questa gente stessa direttamente è coinvolgere nella generazione dei miliardi degli scellini l'industria della pesca è conosciuta per, parecchie domande preoccupanti risulta da questa situazione; chi riceve i riches dai pesci? È, la gente che è coinvolgere nella pesca in se o è la gente dalla parte esterna? Il reddito generato dal commercio di pesca avvantaggia le zone da che viene? Chi sono i giocatori principali nel commercio di pesca? Sono locals o stranieri? Che cosa sono le misure che può essere approntato all'inverso la situazione?
La priorità bassa delle edizioni nel lago Victoria basin
della Victoria di lago è il secondo più grande lago dell'acqua dolce nel mondo. Con i relativi 69.000 chilometri, il lago ha lo stesso formato dell'Irlanda. Il lago è ripartito fra tre paesi Tanzania (che possiede 49% della regione del lago, dell'Uganda (45%) e del Kenia (6%).
I pesci totali interferiscono dal lago Victoria durante gli anni 60 e gli anni 70 erano abbastanza stabili; circa 100.000 tonnellate di pesci sono state pescate annualmente. Fino ai metà di anni 70 le industrie della pesca del lago Victoria sono state sfruttate solamente dai pescatori della piccola scala. Durante l'inizio degli anni 70 è stato valutato che circa 50.000 pescatori hanno funzionato a partire da circa 12.000 pescherecci (Butcher e Colaris, 1973). I pescatori hanno avuti un grado di variazione della partecipazione nelle industrie della pesca; alcuni hanno pescato soltanto su una base part-time o stagionale mentre altri erano pescatori a tempo pieno. Circa 80% dei pescatori ha derivato il loro reddito primario da pesca. La maggior parte dei pescatori sono stati agganciati nelle attività agricole complementari. La tendenza durante gli anni 60 e gli anni 70 era, tuttavia, quella dovuto la penuria aumentata di terra e la mancanza di possibilità d'impiego, un più grande numero degli uomini a sinistra originalmente la sussistenza/a tempo parziale il modo di sfruttamento ed ha stato bene ai pescatori a tempo pieno.
L'attività di pesca da allora è sbocciato in un giocatore principale nell'economia dei paesi. L'industria ha contribuito 0.2% del P.I.L. annuale fra 1971 - 1981 mentre in 1990 che il contributo è aumentato a 2% e a 4.4% del P.I.L. non-monetario e monetario. In 1995 pesci l'esportazione ha guadagnato il Kenia Ksh.15 miliardo nella valuta estera mentre nello stesso periodo i pescatori hanno guadagnato un totale di Ksh. 5.2 miliardo da pesca, più meno di 30% del valore del commercio al dettaglio. In 2007, l'industria della pesca ha guadagnato il paese Kshs. 6.2 miliardo in reddito da circa 165.000 tonnellate metriche di pesci.
La banca del mondo (1972) ha definito la povertà come fame, mancanza di riparo, essendo ammalata e non potendo vedere un medico, non in grado di andare alla scuola, non in grado di leggere, non avendo un lavoro, timore per il futuro, slacciante un bambino portato da acqua sporca, l'impotenza, la mancanza di presentazione e la vita un giorno alla volta. Con questa definizione, siamo all'interno di attinenza nella discussione dell'edizione intorno al lago poiché i livelli elevati di malnutrizione nel Kenia ora sono trovati all'interno delle Comunità di pesca perché la gente del pescatore consuma pochissimo di che cosa raccolgono ma non hanno accesso delle fonti di proteine supplementari. I livelli elevati di povertà che esistono fra le Comunità di pesca contribuiscono ad alta pressione dei pesci anche con i prezzi reali aumentanti. Tutte queste discrepanze in termini di rapporto fra l'abbondanza nella risorsa ed i livelli di povertà della gente del pescatore è una prova sicura che ci è una situazione all'interno del bacino della Victoria di lago che ha bisogno dell'attenzione seria dei ricercatori e dagli esperti di sviluppi nel settore della divulgazione e dell'assistenza tecnica.
Anche se ci in linea di principio è stato un accesso aperto ai pesci nel lago, le Comunità locali di pesca intorno al lago hanno tutti con le regole sviluppate secoli che regolano le industrie della pesca (Ogutu: 1992). Queste regole stipulano chi può pescare, in che stagione, in che zona, che tipi di attrezzature di pesca che sono accettabili e che tipo/formato di pesci che possono essere pescati. Quando tali regole erano in il vigore, la situazione era differente. La pesca era utile alla gente locale ed i loro livelli elevati di povertà non erano come è oggi.
La pesca
di conclusioni è stata una fonte importante della vita per molti keniani per molti anni. È inoltre una fonte importante di proteina animale, particolarmente per la maggior parte della gente che vive intorno al lago. Nella teoria i pescatori del lago Victoria sono considerare come il più povero gruppo di persone in tutti i settori dell'economia. Guardando il senso vivono, il senso che osservano, beni possiedono, conservando le abitudini ed i loro formati uno della famiglia si domanda. Il livello of la vita della maggior parte dei pescatori intorno al lago Victoria è molto basso. Il riparo e l'alimento sono i bisogni di base più importanti dell'umanità ma guardando le spiagge di atterraggio intorno al lago, i pescatori vivono in strutture dell'abitazione inadeguata con le amenità sociali inadeguate e l'approvvigionamento di generi alimentari inadeguato.
I risultati dagli studi passati indicano che 89.4% dei pescatori intorno al lago Victoria (Kenia) non hanno altre fonti di reddito tranne pesca. I pescatori intorno al lago Victoria hanno guadagnato a reddito dall'industria della pesca un reddito medio di Ksh. 107.063 per il pescatore all'anno. Ciò è prova che i pescatori ottengono i buoni guadagni dall'industria della pesca ma non possono mobilitare correttamente i loro guadagni (Abila: 2003).
È cruciale che le risposte sono trovate per spiegare perchè con che cosa è considerato buoni guadagni, la gente del pescatore ancora è classificata come poveri. Una ricerca che è su misura distinguersi fra i sistemi e le pratiche socio-economici e culturali fra le Comunità del pescatore e come si riferiscono ai loro programmi e priorità di vita può essere che cosa è necessario da colmare le lacune fra i risultati disponibili di ricerca, gli interventi di sviluppo e la situazione poichè è sulla terra.
Contrassegni Okowa
Reiches Fischerei-Armen fisherfolk.
Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo
Die Einleitung, die
scharf auf der Situation im See-Victoria Bassin, in den Lebensstilen, in der Ausbildung, in der Infrastruktur und in der Gesundheit der lokalen Leute und der Tatsache schaut, daß diese Leute direkt in das Erzeugung von Milliarden Schillingen die $fischindustrie miteinbezogen werden, bekannt für, einige beunruhigende Fragen entstehen aus dieser Situation; wer empfängt die riches von den Fischen? Ist es, die Leute, die in das Fischen selbst miteinbezogen werden, oder es Leute von der Außenseite ist? Fördert das Einkommen, das vom Fischenhandel die Bereiche erzeugt wird, denen er von kommt? Wer sind die Hauptspieler im Fischenhandel? Sind sie Einheimische oder Außenseiter? Was sind die Maßnahmen, die ergriffen werden kann Rückseite die Situation?
Hintergrund der Ausgaben im See-Victoria Basin
See Victoria ist der zweite größte Süßwassersee in der Welt. Mit seinen 69.000 Kilometern hat der See die gleiche Größe wie Irland. Der See wird zwischen drei Ländern Tanzania geteilt (der 49% des Bereichs des Sees, des Ugandas (45%) und des Kenias (6%) besitzt.
Die Gesamtfische verfangen sich vom See Victoria während der sechziger Jahre und siebziger Jahre waren ziemlich beständig; ungefähr 100.000 Tonnen Fische wurden jährlich verfangen. Bis die Mitte der 70-iger Jahre wurden die Fischereien von See Victoria nur von den Kleinfischern ausgenutzt. Während der frühen siebziger Jahre wurde es geschätzt, daß ca. 50.000 Fischer von ca. 12.000 Fischereifahrzeugen funktionierten (Butcher und Colaris, 1973). Die Fischer hatten einen unterschiedlichen Grad der Miteinbeziehung in den Fischereien; einige fischten nur auf einer Teilzeit- oder Saisongrundlage, während andere ganztägige Fischer waren. Ca. 80% der Fischer leitete ihr Primäreinkommen vom Fischen ab. Die meisten Fischern nahmen an ergänzenden landwirtschaftlichen Tätigkeiten teil. Die Tendenz während der sechziger Jahre und der siebziger Jahre war, jedoch, die wegen der erhöhten Knappheit des Landes und des Mangels an Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten, eine größere Anzahl von den Männern nach links das ursprünglich Erwerbsmittel/teilzeitlich der Modus von Ausnutzung und stand ganztägigen Fischern.
Die Fischentätigkeit hat seit dem in einen Hauptspieler in der Landwirtschaft geblüht. Die Industrie trug 0.2% des jährlichen GDP zwischen 1971 - 1981 während 1990 bei, das der Beitrag bis 2% und 4.4% des nicht-finanziellen und finanziellen GDP stieg. In 1995 Fischen erwarb Export Kenia Ksh.15 Milliarde in der ausländischen Währung, während in der gleichen Periode die Fischer eine Gesamtmenge von Ksh erwarben. 5.2 Milliarde von Fischen, weniger als 30% des Wertes des Einzelhandels. 2007 erwarb die $fischindustrie das Land Kshs. 6.2 Milliarde im Einkommen von ungefähr 165.000 metrischen Tonnen Fischen.
Weltbank (1972) definierte Armut als Hunger, Mangel an Schutz und war krank und nicht ist in der Lage, einen Doktor zu sehen, nicht fähig, zur Schule zu gehen, nicht fähig zu lesen und nicht hatte einen Job, die Furcht während der Zukunft und löste ein Kind, das hintereinander durch unreines Wasser geholt wurden, Powerlessness, Mangel an Darstellung und Leben ein Tag. Mit dieser Definition sind wir innerhalb der Bedeutung, wenn wir die Ausgabe um den See besprechen, da die höchsten Niveaus von Unterernährung in Kenia jetzt innerhalb der Fischengemeinschaften gefunden werden, weil Fischervölker sehr wenig verbrauchen von, was sie ernten, und doch sie keinen Zugang von Ergänzungsproteinquellen haben. The high poverty levels that exist among the fishing communities contribute to high fish pressure even with rising real prices. Alle diese Diskrepanzen in der Relation zwischen dem überfluß im Hilfsmittel und den Armutniveaus der Fischerleute ausgedrückt ist ein sicherer Beweis, daß es eine Situation innerhalb des See Victoria Bassins gibt, das die ernste Aufmerksamkeit der Forscher und durch Verlängerung Entwicklung Experten benötigt.
Obgleich es prinzipiell einen geöffneten Zugang zu den Fischen im See gegeben hat, haben die lokalen Fischengemeinschaften um den See alle durch die Jahrhunderte entwickelten Richtlinien, die die Fischereien regulieren (Ogutu: 1992). Diese Richtlinien vereinbaren, wem, in, welcher Jahreszeit, in welchem Bereich fischen kann, welche Arten der Fischereiausrüstung, die annehmbar sind und welche Art/Größe der Fische, die verfangen werden können. Als solche Richtlinien Kraft galten, war die Situation unterschiedlich. Das Fischen war zu den lokalen Leuten wertvoll und ihre Armutniveaus waren nicht so hoch, wie es heutiger Tag ist.
Zusammenfassungen
das Fischen ist eine wichtige Quelle des Lebensunterhalts für viele Kenyans für viele Jahre gewesen. Es ist auch eine wichtige Quelle des Tierproteins, besonders für die meisten Leute, die um den See leben. In der Theorie werden Fischer von See Victoria als die ärmste Gruppe der Leute in allen Sektoren der Wirtschaft angesehen. Die Weise betrachtend, leben sie, die Weise, die sie schauen, Werte sie besitzen und speichern Gewohnheiten und ihre Familie Größen man wundert sich. Der Standard des Lebens der Majorität Fischer um See Victoria ist sehr niedrig. Schutz und Nahrung sind die wichtigsten grundlegenden Notwendigkeiten der Menschheit, aber, die Landungstrände betrachtend um den See, leben Fischer in den Strukturen des schlechten Gehäuses mit unzulänglichen Sozialannehmlichkeiten und unzulänglichem Nahrungsmittel-Versorgungsmaterial.
Resultate von den letzten Studien zeigen an, daß 89.4% von Fischern um den See Victoria (Kenia) keine anderen Einkommensquellen ausgenommen Fischen haben. Fischer um See Victoria erwarben Einkommen von der Fischerei ein Durchschnittseinkommen von Ksh. 107.063 pro Fischer pro Jahr. Dieses ist Beweis, daß Fischer gutes Einkommen von der Fischerei erhalten, aber sie nicht in der Lage sind, ihr Einkommen richtig zu mobilisieren (Abila: 2003).
Es ist entscheidend, daß Antworten gefunden werden, um zu erklären, warum mit was als gutes Einkommen gilt, die Fischerleute noch als Armen eingestuft werden. Eine Forschung, die maßgeschneidert ist, zwischen den sozioökonomischen und kulturellen Systemen und der Praxis unter den Fischergemeinschaften zu unterscheiden und wie sie auf ihren Lebensunterhaltplänen und -prioritäten beziehen, kann sein, was notwendig ist, um die Abstände zwischen den vorhandenen Forschung Entdeckungen, den Entwicklung Interventionen und der Situation zu füllen, da es aus den Grund ist.
Kennzeichnen Sie Okowa
Fisherfolk rico dos pobres dos Fisheries.
Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo
A introdução
que olha afiada na situação na bacia de Victoria de lago, nos lifestyles, na instrução, no infrastructure e na saúde dos povos locais e do fato que estes povos very estão envolvidos diretamente na geração dos billions dos shillings a indústria pescando é sabida para, diversas perguntas perturbando levanta-se desta situação; quem recebe os riches dos peixes? É, povos que são envolvidos na pesca própria ou é pessoa da parte externa? O rendimento gerado do comércio da pesca beneficia as áreas de que vem? Quem são os jogadores principais no comércio da pesca? São locals ou outsiders? Que são as medidas de que pode ser feito exame o reverso a situação?
O fundo das edições no lago Victoria basin
de Victoria de lago é o segundo lago o maior da água fresca no mundo. Com seus 69.000 quilômetros, o lago tem o mesmo tamanho que Ireland. O lago é compartilhado entre três países Tanzânia (que possui 49% da área do lago, de Uganda (45%) e de Kenya (6%).
Os peixes totais travam do lago Victoria durante os 1960's e os 1970's eram completamente estáveis; aproximadamente 100.000 toneladas dos peixes foram travadas anualmente. Até os 1970's mid os fisheries do lago Victoria foram explorados unicamente por pescadores da escala pequena. Durante os 1970's adiantados estimou-se que uns 50.000 pescadores se operaram de umas 12.000 embarcações pescando (Carniceiro e Colaris, 1973). Os pescadores tiveram um grau variando de participação nos fisheries; alguns pescaram somente em uma base de meio expediente ou seasonal quando outros eram pescadores a tempo completo. Algum 80% dos pescadores derivou sua renda preliminar da pesca. A maioria dos pescadores foram acoplados em atividades agriculturais complementares. A tendência durante os 1960's e os 1970's era, entretanto, aquela devido ao scarcity aumentado da terra e à falta de oportunidades de emprego, um número maior dos homens à esquerda originalmente o subsistence/meio expediente a modalidade da exploração e assentava bem em pescadores a tempo completo.
A atividade da pesca tem florescido desde em um jogador principal na economia dos países. A indústria contribuiu 0.2% do GDP anual entre 1971 - 1981 quando em 1990 que a contribuição se levantou a 2% e a 4.4% do GDP non-monetary e monetary. Em 1995 peixes a exportação ganhou Kenya Ksh.15 bilhão na moeda corrente extrangeira quando no mesmo período os pescadores ganharam um total de Ksh. 5.2 bilhões da pesca, menos de 30% do valor do comércio de varejo. Em 2007, a indústria pescando ganhou o país Kshs. 6.2 bilhões no rendimento de aproximadamente 165.000 toneladas métricas dos peixes.
O banco de mundo (1972) definiu a pobreza como a fome, falta do abrigo, sendo doente e não podendo ver um doutor, nao capaz de ir à escola, nao capaz de ler, não tendo um trabalho, medo para o futuro, afrouxando uma criança trazida pela água unclean, o powerlessness, a falta da apresentação e a vida um dia de cada vez. Com esta definição, nós estamos dentro da relevância em discutir a edição em torno do lago desde que os níveis os mais elevados do malnutrition em Kenya são encontrados agora dentro das comunidades da pesca porque os povos do fisher consomem muito pouco de o que colhem no entanto não têm nenhum acesso de fontes de proteína suplementares. Os níveis de pobreza elevados que existem entre as comunidades da pesca contribuem à pressão elevada dos peixes mesmo com preços reais levantando-se. Todas estas discrepâncias nos termos da relação entre a abundância no recurso e os níveis de pobreza dos povos do fisher são uma prova certa que há uma situação dentro da bacia de Victoria de lago que necessita a atenção séria dos investigadores e por peritos do desenvolvimento de extensão.
Embora no princípio houve um acesso aberto aos peixes no lago, as comunidades locais da pesca em torno do lago tem tudo com as réguas desenvolvidas séculos que regulam os fisheries (Ogutu: 1992). Estas réguas estipulam quem pode pescar, em que estação, em que área, que tipos de engrenagem pescando que são aceitáveis e os que tipo/tamanho dos peixes que podem ser travados. Quando tais réguas estavam na força, a situação era diferente. A pesca era valiosa aos povos locais e seus níveis de pobreza não eram tão elevados como é hoje.
Pescar
das conclusões foi uma fonte importante dos meios de subsistência para muitos Kenyans por muitos anos. É também uma fonte importante da proteína animal, especialmente para a maioria de povos que vivem em torno do lago. Na teoria os fishers do lago Victoria são considerados como o grupo de povos o mais pobre em todos os setores da economia. Olhando a maneira vivem, a maneira que olham, recursos possuem, conservando hábitos e seus tamanhos um da família querem saber. O padrão da vida da maioria dos fishers em torno do lago Victoria é muito baixo. O abrigo e o alimento são as necessidades básicas as mais importantes da humanidade mas olhando as praias da aterragem em torno do lago, os fishers vivem em estruturas da carcaça pobre com amenities sociais inadequados e fonte de alimento inadequada.
Os resultados dos estudos passados indicam que 89.4% dos fishers em torno do lago Victoria (Kenya) não têm nenhuma outra fonte de renda exceto a pesca. Os Fishers em torno do lago Victoria ganharam a renda do fishery uma renda média de Ksh. 107.063 por o fisher por o ano. Esta é evidência que os fishers começam o salário bom do fishery mas não podem mobilize corretamente seu salário (Abila: 2003).
É crucial que as respostas estejam encontradas para explicar porque com o que é considerado salário bom, os povos do fisher são classificados ainda como pobres. Uma pesquisa que seja tailor-made distinguir entre os sistemas e as práticas Socio-economic e cultural entre as comunidades do fisher e como se relacionam a suas plantas e prioridades dos meios de subsistência pode ser o que é necessário para construir uma ponte sobre as aberturas entre os findings disponíveis da pesquisa, intervenções do desenvolvimento e a situação porque está na terra.
Marque Okowa
Fattig fisherfolk för rika fiskerier.
Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo
Inledning som
keenly ser på läget i den LakeVictoria handfatet, livsstilarna, utbildning, infrastruktur och vård- av lokalfolket och faktumet, att dessa bemannar mycket, är direkt involverade i utvecklingen av miljarder av shillings som fiskenäringen är bekant för, flera som störer, ifrågasätter uppstår från detta läge; mottar vem rikedomen från fisken? Är det, folket som är involverat i fisket sig själv, eller är det folk utifrån? Gynnar intäkten som frambrings från fiskehandeln områdena som den kommer från? Är vem de huvudsakliga spelarna i fiskehandeln? Är de lokaler eller icke-favorit? Är vad mäter det kan tas för att vända om läget?
Bakgrund av utfärdar i LakeVictoria handfat
laken Victoria är den största sötvattenlaken för understödja i världen. Med dess 69.000 km har laken samma att storleksanpassa som Irland. Laken delas mellan tre länder Tanzania (som äger 49% av området av laken, Uganda (45%) och Kenya (6%).
Den sammanlagda fisken fångar från laken Victoria under 60-tal, och 70-tal var ganska stabil; omkring 100.000 tons av fisken fångades årligen. Till den mitt- 70-tal exploaterades fiskerierna av laken Victoria endast av lilla fjällfiskare. Under tidig sort70-tal beräknades det att några 50.000 fiskare fungerade från några 12.000 fiska skyttlar (slaktare och Colaris, 1973). Fiskarna hade en varierande grad av medverkan i fiskerierna; några som fiskas endast på en deltids- eller säsongsbetonad bas, fördriver andra var heltids- fiskare. Någon 80% av fiskarna härledde deras primära inkomst från fiske. Mest av fiskarna var förlovade i kompletterande jordbruksdrift. Tendensen under 60-tal och 70-tal var, emellertid att tack vare ökande scarcity av landet och brist av sysselsättningstillfällen, ett större numrerar av manarna, lämnade ursprungligen levebröd/på halvtid funktionsläget av exploatering och blev heltids- fiskare.
Fiskeaktiviteten har efter blomstrat in i en huvudsaklig spelare i landsekonomin. Branschen bidrog 0.2% av ettårig växtGDPEN mellan 1971 - 1981 stund i 1990 bidragron till 2% och 4.4% av denmonetära och monetära GDPEN. I export för 1995 fisk tjänade den tjänade Kenya Ksh.15 miljarden i utländska valutastunder i de samma periodfiskarna en slutsumma av Ksh. 5.2 miljard från fiske, mer mindre än 30% av värdera av detaljhandeln. I 2007 tjänade fiskenäringen landet Kshs. 6.2 miljard i intäkt från ungefärligt 165.000 metertons av fisken.
Världsbankenen (1972) definierade armod som hunger, brist av skydd och att vara sjuk och vara inte kompetent att se en manipulera som inte är kompetent att gå att skola, inte kompetent att läsa och att inte ha ett jobb, fruktar inför framtiden och att lossa ett barn som kommas med av orent, bevattnar, powerlessnessen, brist av presentationen och uppehället en dag i sänder. Med denna definition är vi inom relevans, i att diskutera utfärda runt om laken, sedan det högst jämnar av malnutrition i Kenya finnas nu inom fiskegemenskaper, därför att fisherfolk konsumerar mycket lite av vad de skördar och yet de har inget att ta fram av tillagda källor av protein. Kickarmodet jämnar som finns bland fiskegemenskaperna bidrar till kickfisken pressar även med den verkliga resningen prissätter. Alla dessa diskrepanser benämner in av förhållandet mellan överflödet i resurs, och armodet jämnar av fisheren som folket är ett säkert preparerar att det finns ett läge inom den lakeVictoria handfatet som behöver den allvarliga uppmärksamheten av forskare och vid experter för f8orlängningsutveckling.
Även om det i princip har finnas ett öppet tar fram för att fiska i laken, lokalfiskegemenskaperna runt om laken har alla till och med de framkallade århundradena härskar som reglerar fiskerierna (Ogutu: 1992). Dessa härskar stipulerar vem kan fiska, i vilken säsong, i vilket område, vilka typer av fiske utrustar som är godtagbara och vilka typ/storleksanpassa av fisken som kan fångas. När De är sådan, härskar var i styrka, läget var olikt. Fisket var värdesaken till lokalfolket, och deras armod jämnar var inte som kicken, som det är todayen.
Att fiska
för avslutningar har varit en viktig källa av livelihooden för många Kenyans för många år. Det är också en viktig källa av djurt protein, speciellt för mest folk som bor runt om laken. I teori betraktas fishers av laken Victoria som de mest fattiga sektorerna för grupp människor sammanlagt av ekonomin. Se långt bor de, långt ser de, tillgångar som de äger, besparingvanor, och deras familj storleksanpassar en undrar. Det standart av uppehället av majoriteten av fishers runt om laken Victoria är mycket lågt. Skydd och mat är de viktigaste grundläggande behoven av mankind, men se landningstränderna runt om laken, strukturerar fishers direkt i fattigt inhysa med otillräckliga sociala faciliteter och otillräcklig mattillförsel.
Resultat från förgångna studier indikerar att 89.4% av fishers runt om laken Victoria (Kenya) har inga andra källor av inkomst att undanta fiske. Fishers runt om laken Victoria tjänade inkomst från fiskerin en medelinkomst av Ksh. 107.063 per fisher per år. Detta är bevisar att fishers får bra förtjänster från fiskerin men de inte är kompetent att mobilisera deras förtjänster riktigt (Abila: 2003).
Det är avgörande att svar finnas för att förklara varför med vad är ansedda bra förtjänster, fisherfolket klassificeras fortfarande som fattigt. En forskning, som är skräddarsydd att skilja mellan de samhällsekonomiska och kulturella systemen och övar bland fishergemenskaperna, och, hur de förbinder till deras livelihood, planerar och prioriteter kan vara vad är nödvändig beträffande att överbrygga mellanrummen mellan det tillgängliga forskningrönet, utvecklingsingripanden och läget, som den är på det slipat.
Markera Okowa
Fisherfolk бедных рыбозаводов богатые люди.
Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo
Введение
смотря сильно на ситуации в тазике Виктория озера, lifestyles, образовании, инфраструктуре и здоровье местных людей и факта что эти очень люди сразу включаются в поколение миллиардыов шиллингов рыбная промышленность известно для, несколько нарушая вопросов возникает от этой ситуации; получает богатые люди от рыб? Оно, люди которые включаются в рыболовство самого или будет это людьми от снаружи? Делает доход произведенный от торговые льготы рыболовства OBLASTи он приходит от? Будут GLAVNыми игроками в торговле рыболовства? Будут они locals или аутсайдерами? Будут измерения можно принять обратный ситуацией?
Предпосылкой вопросов в озере Виктория тазик
Виктория озера будет второй по величине озеро свежей воды в мире. С своими 69.000 километрами, озеро имеет такой же размер как Ирландия. Озеро поделено между 3 странами Танзанией (обладает 49% из OBLASTи озера, Уганды (45%) и Кении (6%).
Полные рыбы улавливают от озера Виктория во время 1960's и 1970's были довольно стабилизированн; около улавливали 100.000 тонн рыб однолетн. До mid 1970's рыбозаводы озера Виктория не эксплуатировать единственно fishermen малого маштаба. Во время предыдущих 1970's было оценено что некоторые 50.000 fishermen работали от некоторых 12.000 рыболовецкых суден (Butcher и Colaris, 1973). Fishermen имели меняя STEPENь запутанности в рыбозаводах; некоторые удили только на part-time или сезонное основание пока другие были полными недел fishermen. Некоторое 80% из fishermen вывело их первичный доход от рыболовства. Большой часть из fishermen была включена в комплементарных аграрных деятельностях. Тенденция во время 1960's и 1970's была, однако, тем из-за увеличенной немногочисленности земли и отсутсвия возможностей трудоустройства, более большого количества людей налево первоначально пропитание/part-time режим эксплуатирования и шла полными недел fishermen.
Деятельность при рыболовства с тех пор blossomed в GLAVNый игрока в экономии стран. Индустрия способствовала 0.2% из однолетнего GDP между 1971 - 1981 пока в 1990, котор вклад поднял до 2% и 4.4% из non-монетного и монетного GDP. В 1995 рыбах экспорт заработал Кению Ksh.15 миллиард в иностранной валюте пока в таком же периоде fishermen заработали итог Ksh. 5.2 миллиарда от рыболовства, меньш чем 30% значения розничной торговли. В 2007, рыбная промышленность заработало страну Kshs. 6.2 миллиарда в доходе от приблизительно 165.000 метрических тонн рыб.
Всемирный Банк (1972) определил скудость как голод, отсутсвие укрытия, был больн и могущ увидеть доктора, способного для того чтобы пойти к школе, способной для того чтобы прочитать, имеющ работу, страх на будущее, освобождая ребенка принесенного поганой водой, powerlessness, отсутсвия представления и прожития один день одновременно. С этим определением, мы находимся в пределах релевантности в обсуждать вопрос вокруг озера в виду того что самые высокие уровни недоедания в Кении теперь найдены внутри общины рыболовства потому что люди fisher уничтожают очень маленькое они жмет and yet они не имеет никакой доступ дополнительных источников протеина. Высокие уровни бедности существуют среди общин рыболовства способствуют к высокому давлению рыб даже с поднимая настоящими ценами. Всеми этими несоответствиями in terms of отношение между обилием в ресурсе и уровнями бедности людей fisher будут уверенное доказательство что будет ситуация внутри тазик Виктория озера нужно серьезное внимание исследователей и специалистами развития выдвижения.
Хотя в принципе было открытый доступ, котор нужно удить в озере, местные общины рыболовства вокруг озера имеют все до правила начатые столетиями которые регулируют рыбозаводы (Ogutu: 1992). Эти правила обусловливают может удить, в что сезоне, в что OBLASTи, что типы рыболовные принадлежности которые приемлемо и что тип/размер рыб которые можно уловить. Когда такие правила находились в усилии, ситуация была друг. Рыболовство было ценно к местным людям и их уровни бедности не были как высоки по мере того как будет сегодня.
Удить
заключений был важный источник livelihood для много Kenyans на много лет. Будет также важным источником животного протеина, специально для большинств людей живя вокруг озера. В теории fishers озера Виктория сосчитаны как самая плохая группа в составе люди в всех участках экономии. Смотрящ дорогу они живут, дорога, котор они смотрят, имущества они имеют, сохраняющ привычки и их размер семьи одно интересуют. Стандарт прожитие большинства fishers вокруг озера Виктория очень низок. Укрытием и едой будут самые важные основные потребности mankind но смотрящ пляжи посадки вокруг озера, fishers живут в структурах плохого снабжения жилищем с недостаточными социальными amenities и недостаточным продовольственные ресурсы.
Результаты от прошлых изучений показывают что 89.4% из fishers вокруг озера Виктория (Кении) не имеют никакие другие источники дохода за исключением рыболовства. Fishers вокруг озера Виктория заработали доходу от рыбозавода средний доход Ksh. 107.063 в fisher в год. Это будет доказательство что fishers получают хорошие заработки от рыбозавода но они не могут мобилизовать их заработки правильн (Abila: 2003).
Критическое, чтобы были найдены, что объясняют ответы почему с учитывает хорошими заработками, люди fisher все еще расклассифицированы как бедные. Исследование tailor-made для того чтобы различить между Socio-economic и культурными системами и практиками среди общин fisher и как они относят к их планам и приоритетам livelihood может быть обязательно для того чтобы навести зазоры между имеющимися заключениями исследования, интервенциями развития и ситуацией по мере того как оно находится на земле.
Марк Okowa
Rich Fisheries Poor fisherfolk.
Translated into Dutch by: Mark Okowa
Introduction
Looking keenly on the situation in the Lake Victoria basin, the lifestyles, Education, infrastructure and health of the local people and the fact that these very people are directly involved in the generation of billions of shillings the fishing industry is known for, several disturbing questions arise from this situation; who receives the riches from the fish? Is it, the people who are involved in the fishing itself or is it people from outside? Does the revenue generated from the fishing trade benefit the areas that it comes from? Who are the main players in the fishing trade? Are they locals or outsiders? What are the measures that can be taken to reverse the situation?
Background of the issues in Lake Victoria Basin
Lake Victoria is the second largest fresh water lake in the world. With its 69,000 km, the lake has the same size as Ireland. The lake is shared between three countries Tanzania (which possesses 49% of the area of the lake, Uganda (45%) and Kenya (6%).
The total fish catch from Lake Victoria during the 1960's and 1970's was quite stable; about 100,000 tons of fish was caught annually. Until the mid 1970's the fisheries of Lake Victoria was exploited solely by small scale fishermen. During the early 1970's it was estimated that some 50,000 fishermen operated from some 12,000 fishing vessels (Butcher and Colaris, 1973). The fishermen had a varying degree of involvement in the fisheries; some fished only on a part-time or seasonal basis while others were full-time fishermen. Some 80% of the fishermen derived their primary income from fishing. Most of the fishermen were engaged in complementary agricultural activities. The tendency during the 1960's and 1970's was, however, that due to increased scarcity of land and lack of employment opportunities, a larger number of the men left the originally subsistence/part-time mode of exploitation and became full-time fishermen.
The fishing activity has since blossomed into a main player in the countries economy. The industry contributed 0.2% of the annual GDP between 1971- 1981 while in 1990 the contribution rose to 2% and 4.4% of the non-monetary and monetary GDP. In 1995 fish export earned Kenya Ksh.15 billion in foreign currency while in the same period fishermen earned a total of Ksh. 5.2 billion from fishing, less than 30% of the value of the retail trade. In 2007, the fishing industry earned the country Kshs. 6.2 billion in revenue from approximately 165,000 metric tons of fish.
World bank (1972) defined poverty as hunger, lack of shelter, being sick and not being able to see a doctor, not able to go to school, not able to read, not having a job, fear for the future, loosing a child brought by unclean water, powerlessness, lack of presentation and living one day at a time. With this definition , we are within relevance in discussing the issue around the lake since the highest levels of malnutrition in Kenya are now found within fishing communities because fisher folk consume very little of what they harvest and yet they have no access of supplementary sources of protein. The high poverty levels that exist among the fishing communities contribute to high fish pressure even with rising real prices. All these discrepancies in terms of the relation between the abundance in resource and the poverty levels of the fisher people is a sure proof that there is a situation within the lake Victoria basin which needs the serious attention of researchers and by extension development experts.
Although there in principle has been an open access to fish in the lake, the local fishing communities around the lake have all through the centuries developed rules which regulate the fisheries (Ogutu: 1992). These rules stipulate who may fish, in what season, in what area, what types of fishing gear which are acceptable and what type/size of fish which can be caught. When such rules were in force, the situation was different. The fishing was valuable to the local people and their poverty levels were not as high as it is today.
Conclusions
Fishing has been an important source of livelihood for many Kenyans for many years. It is also an important source of animal protein, especially for most people living around the lake. In theory fishers of Lake Victoria are regarded as the poorest group of people in all sectors of the economy. Looking at the way they live, the way they look, assets they own, saving habits and their family sizes one wonders. The standard of living of majority of fishers around Lake Victoria is very low. Shelter and food are the most important basic needs of mankind but looking at the landing beaches around the Lake, fishers live in poor housing structures with inadequate social amenities and inadequate food supply.
Results from past studies indicate that 89.4% of fishers around the Lake Victoria (Kenya) have no other sources of income except fishing. Fishers around Lake Victoria earned income from the fishery an average income of Ksh. 107,063 per fisher per year. This is evidence that fishers get good earnings from the fishery but they are not able to mobilize their earnings properly (Abila: 2003).
It is crucial that answers be found to explain why with what is considered good earnings, the fisher people are still classified as poor. A research that is tailor-made to distinguish between the Socio-economic and cultural systems and practices among the fisher communities and how they relate to their livelihood plans and priorities may be what is necessary to bridge the gaps between the available research findings, development interventions and the situation as it is on the ground.
Mark Okowa
غنيّة سماكة فقراء [فيشرفولك].
Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo
تقديم
ينظر بتمعّن على الحالة في ال [لك فيكتوريا] حوض, الأسلوب حياة, تربية, بنية أساسيّة وصحة من الالناس محلّية والحقيقة أنّ تضمّنت هذا الناس جدّا مباشرة في الجيل البليون ال [شيلّينغ] ال [فيش يندوستري] عرفت ل, عدّة يزعج أسئلة ينشأ من هذا حالة; الذي يستلم الأغنياء من السمكة? يكون هو, الالناس الذي يكون تضمّنت في الصيد سمك بنفسي أو يكون هو الناس من خارج? الإيراد يولد من الصيد سمك تجارة يستفيد المناطق أنّ هو يأتي من? الذي يكون اللاعب رئيسيّة في الصيد سمك تجارة? يكونون هم فرع محلّيّ أو دخيلات? ماذا يكون الإجراءات أنّ يستطيع كنت أخذت أن عكس الحالة?
خلفيّة من الإصدارات في [لك فيكتوريا] [بسن]
بحيرة فكتوريا الثاني كبيرة [فرش وتر] بحيرة في العالم. مع ه 69,000 [كم], يتلقّى البحيرة ال [سم سز] بما أنّ أيرلندا. شاركت البحيرة بين ثلاثة بلاد تنزانيا (أيّ يملك 49% من المنطقة من البحيرة, أوغندا (45%) وكينيا (6%).
يمسك السمكة إجماليّة من [لك فيكتوريا] أثناء ال 1960 و 1970 كانوا الى حدّ بعيد ثابتة; حوالي 100,000 مسكت أطنان السمكة كان سنويّا. حتّى ال [ميد 1970] استغلّت السماكة ال [لك فيكتوريا] كان مفردا بمقياس صغيرة صيّاد سمك. أثناء ال [إرلي 1970] قدّمت هو كان أنّ بعض 50,000 صيّاد سمك شغلوا من بعض 12,000 [فيش فسّل] ([بوتشر] و [كلريس], 1973). تلقّى الصيّاد سمك يتغيّر درجة التورط في السماكة; بعض اصطاد فقط على جزئيّة أو أساس موسميّة بينما أخرى كان صيّاد سمك [فولّ تيم]. استنتج بعض 80% من الصيّاد سمك دخلهم أوّليّة من صيد سمك. شبكت أكثر من الصيّاد سمك كان في أنشطة متمّمة زراعيّة. كان النزعة أثناء ال 1960 و 1970, مهما, أنّ واجبة إلى يزاد ندرة الأرض وافتقار ال [إمبلومنت وبّورتثنيتي], رقم كبيرة من الرجال يسارا ال أصلا إعاشة/جزئيّا أسلوب الإستثمار وأصبح صيّاد سمك [فولّ تيم].
الصيد سمك يزهر نشاط يتلقّى منذ ذلك الحين داخل لاعبة رئيسيّة في البلاد اقتصاد. أسهم الصناعة 0.2% من ال [غدب] سنويّة بين 1971 - 1981 بينما في 1990 المساهمة ارتفع إلى 2% و4.4% من ال [نون-مونتري] و [غدب] نقديّة. في 1995 سمكة كسب تصدير كينيا [كش.15] بليون في [فورين كرّنسي] بينما في ال نفسه فترة صيّاد سمك كسبوا مجموعة [كش]. 5.2 بليون من صيد سمك, أقلّ من 30% من القيمة من البالتفصيل تجارة. في 2007, كسب ال [فيش يندوستري] البلد [كشس]. 6.2 بليون في إيراد من تقريبا 165,000 أطنان متريّة سمكة.
عيّن [وورلد بنك] (1972) فقر كحالة جوع, افتقار المأوى, يكون مريضة ولا [ب] يمكن أن يرى دكتورة, لا يمكن أن يذهب إلى مدرسة, لا يمكن أن يقرأ, لا يتلقّى شغل, خوف للمستقبل, يحلّ طفلة يحضر بماء قذرة, [بوورلسّنسّ], افتقار العرض ومعيشة واحدة يوم [أت ا تيم]. مع هذا تعريف, نحن ضمن علاقة في يتناقش الإصدار حول البحيرة بما أنّ المستويات [هيغست] حالة سوء تغذية في كينيا يكون الآن أسّست ضمن صيد سمك جماعات لأنّ صيّاد سمك ناس يستهلك جدّا بعض من ماذا هم يحصدون [أند ت] هم يتلقّون ما من منفذة من [سورس وف بروتين] تكميليّة. يسهم ال [بوفرتي لفل] عال أنّ يتواجد بين الصيد سمك جماعات إلى عال سمكة ضغطة حتّى مع يرتفع [رل بريس]. كلّ هذا تباينات بخصوص العلاقة بين الوفرة في موردة وال [بوفرتي لفل] من الصيّاد سمك الناس يوقن برهان أنّ هناك حالة ضمن ال [لك فيكتوريا] حوض أيّ يحتاج الإنتباه جدّيّة من باحثات وب [إإكستنسون دفلوبمنت] خبيرات.
رغم أنّ قد كان هناك في مبدأ منفذة مفتوحة إلى سمكة في البحيرة, المحلّية صيد سمك جماعات حول البحيرة يتلقّى كلّ من خلال القرون يطوّر قواعد أيّ ينظّم السماكة ([أغتث]: 1992). يشترط هذا قواعد الذي يمكن اصطدت, في ما فصل, في ما منطقة, ما أنواع ال [فيش جر] أيّ يكون مقبولة وما نوع/حجم السمكة أيّ يستطيع كنت مسكت. عندما كان هذا قواعد في قوة, الحالة كان مختلفة. كان الصيد سمك قيّمة إلى الالناس محلّية و [بوفرتي لفل] هم [ب] لم مثل عال بما أنّ هو اليوم.
استنتاجات
قد كان يصطاد مصدر مهمّة رزق ل كثير [كنن] ل كثير سنون. هو أيضا مصدر مهمّة من بروتين حيوانيّة, خصوصا ل كثير الناس يعيش حول البحيرة. في نظرية اعتبرت صيّاد سمك ال [لك فيكتوريا] ك ال [غرووب وف بيوبل] فقيرة في كلّ قطاعات من الاقتصاد. ينظر في الطريق يعيش هم, الطريق هم ينظرون, أصول هم يمتلكون, ينقذ عادات وهم أسرة حجوم واحدة يتساءلون. المعيار المعيشة الأغلبية الصيّاد سمك حول [لك فيكتوريا] جدّا منخفضة. مأوى وطعام الحاجات مهمّة أساسيّة جنس بشريّ أكثر غير أنّ ينظر في العمليّة هبوط شواطئ حول البحيرة, يعيش صيّاد سمك في [بوور هووسنغ] بنى مع لطافة وافية اجتماعيّة ووافية طعام إمداد تموين.
يشير نتيجات من دراسات سابقة أنّ 89.4% من صيّاد سمك حول ال [لك فيكتوريا] (كينيا) يتلقّى ما من أخرى مصادر الدخل ماعدا صيد سمك. كسب صيّاد سمك حول [لك فيكتوريا] دخل من السماكة [أفرج ينكم] [كش]. 107,063 لكلّ صيّاد سمك لكلّ سنة. هذا بيّنة أنّ يحصل صيّاد سمك مكتسبات جيّدة من السماكة غير أنّ هم ليسوا يمكن أن يجنّد مكتسباتهم بشكل صحيح ([أبيلا]: 2003).
هو حاسمة أنّ يؤسّس جوابات أن يفسّر لما مع ماذا يكون اعتبرت مكتسبات جيّدة, الصيّاد سمك الناس يكون بعد صنّفت بما أنّ فقراء. بحث أنّ يكون [تيلور-مد] أن يميّز بين ال [سسو-كنوميك] وثقافيّة نظامات وممارسات بين الصيّاد سمك جماعات وكيف هم يرتبطون إلى هم رزق خطط وأولويات يمكن كنت ماذا يكون ضروريّة أن يجسر الثغور بين ال يتوفّر بحث نتيجة بحث, تطوير تدخلات والحالة بما أنّ هو يكون على الأرض.
علمت [أكووا]
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| February 18, 2009 | 6:45 AM |
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THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN SENSITISING TABOO TOPICS AMONG YOUTH AND THE PROMOTION OF A CULTURE OF PEACE: THE CASE OF KISUMU, KENYA
Related to country: Kenya
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Abstract
Modern ideas about development generally overlook the role of traditional religion, or assume that traditional religion is a matter left to the domain of private belief in Africa. As secular states gain strength and confidence, African traditional religion is seen as an obstacle to development and this marginalization has led to numerous religious and ethnic conflicts as Africa is faced with other challenges such as poor governance, poverty and disease. Very often these problems have been blamed on power brokers from the western world, and because the west has always played the role of big brother to Africa in terms of resources, relief-aid and policies, Africa has had few means of dealing with the alleged ideology.
This paper argues for the consideration of (traditional) religion as a resource for development and not a barrier. Examples of how traditional religion encourages peaceful inter-religious dialogue among young people in the promotion of a healthy living, sexuality and HIV/AIDS and co-existence in an ethnically and religiously pluralistic society, is presented.
Introduction
We face a crisis, which could bring about the suicide of the human species or bring us a new awakening and a new hope. We know that religion has an indispensable role to play and neither the meaning of peace nor of religion can be reduced to a single and rigid concept. Religions have led to division, hatred, and war and religious people have too often betrayed the high ideals they themselves have preached. We call for sincere acts of repentance and mutual forgiveness, both personally and collectively to one another, to humanity in general, and to Earth and all living beings.
Modern ideas about development generally overlook the role of traditional religion, or assume that traditional religion would be relegated to a matter of private belief in Africa as secular states gained strength and confidence, or even saw religion as an obstacle to development. Africa in particular has been bogged down with numerous religious and ethnic conflicts as well as other calamities such as poor governance, poverty and disease. However, very often the problems that Africa faces have been blamed on power brokers from the western world, and because the west has always played the role of big brother to Africa in terms of resources and policies, Africa has had few means of dealing with the alleged ideology. This paper argues for the consideration of (traditional) religion as resource for development and not as a barrier to development. A case study of an inter-religious dialogue is presented, in the hope of envisioning the positive public effects religion can play.
Role of Religion in Sensitising Taboo Topics and Promoting Peace
Kisumu is a multi-religious, multicultural and multi-ethnic town in Kenya. WRITE MORE
Dominant religious groups in Africa are perceived to be foreign, with the African elite dismissing indigenous African religions as primitive and backward. The worldview of the African indigenous beliefs/religions is portrayed as negative and they are labelled as cults or occults. This portrayal leads to further marginalizing and alienation of African indigenous religious practices. Religion serves both as a source of inspiration and a worldview for many and hence its role in establishing social cohesion is vital. In the actual context of wanton violence being committed all over the world in the name of religion, inter-religious dialogue as an aspect of promoting a culture of peace and non-violence is more than ever a necessity. Breaking down mutual prejudices and stereotypes, open-mindedly meeting the other with a preliminary attitude of acceptation of his/her possible radical otherness in terms of values, ways and conceptions of life, objectives, discourses, and conceptual universes, are necessary to consider. As religion is very much influenced by its cultural context and vice versa, it is not easy to see the two as distinct from one another. When religious experiences and reflections are translated into another language and culture, special attention must be paid to the peculiarities and cultural differences of the different ethnic groups involved.
Culture is central to social development and religion is central to most cultures in Kisumu. For most people in Kisumu society, religion as a cultural institution has been part of the lives of people and of the communities as it is an important source of inspiration and identity-shaping. However, it is common these days to see many people there practice religious beliefs which are completely different from their own cultural beliefs and practices. For example, the Luo from the Lake Victoria basin of western Kenya have practiced polygamy since time immemorial as it was regarded as a foundation of virtue and an act of pride and wealth in a traditional set up. But Luo community is classified as 90% Christian and about 6% Muslim. Christianity teaches against polygamy and encourages followers to observe the practice of one husband one wife. This perception conflicts with that of the Luo.
Youth, SRH & the Important Role of Religion
Young people are often regarded as a true reflection of society, so putting together young people to discus issues dealing with religion is like trying to bend an overgrown twig. Even most of them who flock the Christian Pentecostal churches on Sundays do not have clear understanding of what their religious beliefs stand for. It is a pity today especially in our countries to see religious leaders conflict in public, or worse still to see them defend political ideologies synonymous with leaders from their communities. Religious sensitivity is required in order to understand our own multi-cultural societies, meet its day to day challenges and avoid ethnicity driven political debates within our own societies.
I once facilitated an interdenominational youth conference on religion and Sex and Reproductive Health here in my resident city of Kisumu, and most of my fellow speakers who happened to be Bishops and evangelists always appeared to be talking at the youths, without regard that they had any idea about what is going on around them. Infarct, I constantly felt that the youth were not receiving answers relevant to questions they posed. At the end, the youths started to walk out one by one while others dosed on their seats. When I asked for an opportunity to energize the youth so that they would participate effectively on the fore goings, I told the youth that, I felt they knew more about their Reproductive health needs and problems than anyone else in that hall and even back in their homes. I told them that the best solutions to their problems are also well within them, just that they have not found time to discuss them and find best solutions for them. I told the youth that they need to regard religion as a reference point, where they can sort spiritual guidance but only if they are believers, because it is spiritually wrong to use a religious practice from one religious group to judge a person from different religious group. But again, it is important for us to realize that Sexual reproductive health problems can affect any one from any religious grouping. The youths got attracted to what I was saying and they started giving their views, at the end we realize that most of the questions they posed were answered by their fellow participating youths. To some extent, the key speakers found themselves on the reference and not facilitating point.
Most young people these days confess very frankly that they go to churches/ places of warship to find potential marriage partners. This is why in my opinion, the subject of sexual reproductive health and religion among young people is key and must be addressed with a lot of sobriety. We know RH problems among young people in Africa are very serious with HIV/AIDS taking a huge toll on young people across the continent. The latest national figures in Kenya for example indicate that over 500 people die daily of the HIV/AIDS countrywide, and out of this over 90% are the most productive in the age bracket of 25 to 40 years. If we could beg to go with such statistics just as an example, we will realise that the religious sector is supposed to be the key target of SRH interventions for young people. Some of these young people who flock religious places to get sexual partners are not as religious as their religious leaders may want to assume. They therefore put the entire young religious population at risk. And Other religious values constituting life threatening causes of conflict in Africa for instance those prohibiting responsible sexual practices like the use of Condoms for the youth, are confusing people about taking proper HIV-Aids and other STI preventative measures.
We all know the conservative nature of religion, but the world is dynamic and with daily technological advancements, it’s very difficult for religion to stick to its conservative nature without divergent opinions from their followers. I tend to think, that it is because of the conservative nature of some mainstream religious groups that charismatic religions as well as Islamic fundamentalists seem to gain in the number of followers. It is alarming that the extremism is apparent in all religious groupings today. I tend to think that this could be as a result of religion losing its mandate in the society and giving a free for all situations. This can be justified by the ever mushrooming religious groupings with the argument that they are the ones who are teaching the truth. This is the danger being experienced in the world of freedom of warship today because anyone with any ill intention has the entire environment they need to hide under the umbrella of religion and propagate their selfish agenda. Unfortunately still, the youth have always fallen pray to all these ills.
There has been allegations and at times confirmation that some religious groupings in Africa are actually argents of child trafficking trade. Some media personalities have also alleged that some of these children trafficked outside Africa are used in all manner of practices including sex slaves and pornographic production. Based on the issues I have raised as well as those raised by several scholars and people of interest from all over the world, we may say that the world may need to consider some sort of control to religion. That may be controversial but could be our only hope of preventing worse religious extremism from coining their ill intended ideas to destroy the world under the pretext of religion.
Mark Okowa
Program Officer-
Environment Liaison Centre International (ELCI).
Box 2348Kisumu 40100Kenya
Tel. +254 733 645341
Email: okowaster@gmail.com
http://www.abckenya.org / http://www.elci.org
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| September 1, 2006 | 1:59 AM |
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Information you might need to know.
Related to country: Kazakhstan
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This will shock you. But think about it.
·An average human being spends 8 hours in bed. That is 8 hours out of 24 hours which is a third of the day. So when you are 30, you have slept for 10 years. How old are you again?
·4 out of 8 young people involved in drugs and crime do it because they are bored and have nothing better to do.
·Painting, drawing and music are the best way to relieve stress.
·In 30 days, if 100 young people got involved in community service everyday, they would save their country at least $ 2 million.
·Malaria kills more children than AIDS in Africa. All because the drugs don’t reach them fast enough.
·By 2020, 1/5th of Africa’s current sub Saharan youth [16-29] population will have died of HIV/AIDS.
·HIV is more prevalent among idle and bored young people [mostly found in underdeveloped countries] while their western counterparts find themselves busier and thus less time and chance of getting sexually involved.
·63% of urban young people [18-25] abroad [Europe and Northern America] pay their own school fees from part time jobs.
·There is nothing like bad company. Just bad influence.
·The current generation in Africa is the most educated but underutilized generation of young people in the world since the beginning of time.
Mark.
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| August 23, 2006 | 2:51 AM |
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FELLOWSHIPS AT THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY
Related to country: United States
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The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) welcomes applications to its Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellows Program for the 2007-2008 fellowship year. Established in 2001 to enable activists, scholars, and journalists from around the world to deepen their understanding of democracy and enhance their ability to promote democratic change, the fellowship program is based at NED's International Forum for Democratic Studies, in Washington, D.C.
Program: The program offers five-month fellowships for practitioners to improve strategies and techniques for building democracy abroad and five- to ten-month fellowships for scholars to conduct original research for publication. Practitioners may include activists, lawyers,
journalists, and other civil society professionals; scholars may include professors, research analysts, and other writers. Projects may focus on the political, social, economic, legal, and cultural aspects of democratic development and include a range of methodologies and approaches.
Eligibility: The Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellows Program is intended primarily to support practitioners and scholars from new and aspiring democracies. Distinguished scholars from the United States and other established democracies are also eligible to apply. Practitioners are expected to have substantial experience working to promote democracy. Scholars are expected to have a doctorate, or academic equivalent, at the time of application. The program is not designed to defray the cost of education for students working toward a degree. A working knowledge of English is an important prerequisite for participation in the program.
Support: The fellowship year begins October 1 and runs through July 31, with major entry dates in October and March. All fellows receive a monthly stipend, health insurance, travel assistance, and research support through the Forum's Democracy Resource Center and Reagan-Fascell Research Consultancy Program.
Application: For further details, please visit us online at
www.ned.org. For instructions on how to apply, please download our most recent Information and Application Forms booklet available at www.ned.org/forum/R-FApplication.pdf or visit us online at
www.ned.org/forum/reagan-fascell.html
Please note that all application materials must be type-written
and in English.
Deadline: Applications for fellowships in 2007-2008 must be received no later than November 1, 2006. Notification of the competition outcome is in April 2007.
We are pleased to announce that in summer 2006, NED will move to new headquarters:
Address until August 25, 2006:
Program Assistant, Fellowship Programs
International Forum for Democratic Studies
National Endowment for Democracy
1101 15th Street, NW, Suite 800
Washington, D.C. 20005
Tel.: (202) 293-0300
Fax: (202) 293-0258
E-mail: fellowships@ned.org
Address from August 25, 2006
Program Assistant, Fellowship Programs
International Forum for Democratic Studies
National Endowment for Democracy
1025 F Street, N.W., Eighth Floor
Washington, D.C. 20004
E-mail: fellowships@ned.org
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Drugs and Youth in Kenya
Related to country: Kenya
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Drugs and drug abuse are increasing to become a big problem in Kenya. Effects of drug weigh heavily on many young people who consume various forms of drugs and alcohol without knowing their detrimental effects. Recent studies show that most school youth take drugs particularly alcohol and tobacco.
Even with NACADA National Campaign Against Drug Abuse in place in Kenya, it is still important that Kenya remains steadfast. Where promotion of drug related advertisements are still not banned, people smoke in public places and risk the lives of million other citizens. Throughout history particular social groups have used alcohol, Tobacco, cannabis, opium and/or cocaine as part of their daily lives and traditional ceremonies. Impact of globalisation, migration of young people from rural to urban centres breakdown in traditional moves and realisation that big and quick money can be made from drug havens in recent past, led to increase use of drugs amongst poor and marginalized youth in Kenya
In the midst of poverty, unemployment & HIV/AID prevalence, conflict and wars, evidence has shown that drugs and alcohol have become a part of everyday life of many young people.In recent times, Kenya has become transit country for cocaine/heroine and huge haul of substance have been captured and destroyed along the coastal part of Kenya. Even with huge custodial sentences, the trade in this substance is on the rise.Use of drugs has received little attention in developing world. In resource poor countries like Kenya, it can seem a luxury to tackle treatment of drug dependency, often regarded as a moral issue, affecting a few and socially deviant rather than public issue with social consequences.
Drug and alcohol however contribute to poverty, low productivity increased HIV/AIDS transmission, an increase in crime and lack of care and protection for children and young people.
Do you members of TIG have better mechanisms of dealing with these drug problems? What can we share about them?
Mark Okowa
Project Officer
Environment Liaison centre International ELCI
Kisumu-Kenya
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